Phenotypic characterization of indigenous chicken population in Gwer-West, Benue State, Nigeria E. A. Rotimi1,*, J. O. Egahi2 and A. Typically, today most African households will keep 5 to 20 indigenous birds essentially for eggs and meat production [8] [9]. Indigenous hen eggs present some potentials for utilization in pastry production since they can be obtained readily. Fulani, FUNAAB Alpha and Shika-Brown had higher survivabilities (p FUNAAB Alpha/Noiler > Kuroiler > Fulani. Productivity can be improved significantly with appropriate changes to management. However, the initial trigger for the adoption of domestic chickens by African communities, as it has been assumed for the initial domestication of the chicken in Asia, could have been for socio-culture and/ or recreation (e.g. Nigerian Indigenous Chicken: A Valuable Genetic Resource for Meat and Egg Production: F.O. Flock characteristics and performance, Egg traits, hatchability and early growth performance of the Fulani-ecotype chicken, Morphometric differentiation and asessment of function of the fulani and yoruba ecotype indigenous chickens of Nigeria, Indigenous naked neck chicken: A valuable genetic resource for Bangladesh, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3 (BMP3) Gene Variation in some Livestock Animals, Livestock breeding practices and trait and breed preferences, Association of serum protein levels with egg productivity in Taiwan red-feathered country chickens. The data from this study suggested that both ALV-E and MDV-2 play an important role in enhancement of the spontaneous LL-like tumors in susceptible chickens. This together with the presence of pectoral myopathies make ROSS unsuitable for 12 week growth in free range production systems. The strains included the Nigerian indigenous chicken (NIC), the Arbor acre, Hubbard, and Marshall broiler strains. A total of 250 households (HH) from 10 villages (two villages from each region) were included in the study. The feather structure and feather distribution genes are well adaptive to the harsh tropical environment; survive on low energy feed, highly resistant to diseases and superior to their exotic counterparts. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Adaptation of Nigerian indigenous chickens (NIC), FUNAAB‐α (F‐α) and Transylvanian naked neck chickens (TNN) raised during hot‐dry season under humid tropical environment was compared during a 4‐week period. Significantly higher WAT (p < .001) and WIN (p < .05) were recorded in cocks than in laying hens. Feed and strain both affected the distribution of the birds on the outdoor area, with more birds on feed M than L observed outside, and with more LAB birds outside and using more of the outdoor area than ROSS. Assuming an indigenous hen lays 30 eggs per year, of which 50 percent are consumed and the remainder have a hatchability of 80 percent, then each hen will produce 12 chicks per year. Baseline survey was conducted to provide a benchmark for both the on-farm test and post-on farm survey. Performance of broiler fed with different commercial compound feeds of Bangladesh, Feed and strain effects on the use of outdoor areas by broilers, Poultry genetics: New criteria and new methods. These chickens are known to be economically, socially, and culturally important to the people of Africa, especially those from marginalised communities. IVCs provide several ecosystem services and possess adaptation traits resulting in their being able to survive and reproduce with minimal care. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. diallel crossing experiment was conducted using genotypes threeof Nigerian indigenous chicken : normals (N), frizzle (F) and naked-neck (Na). improvement of the Nigerian indigenous chicken by crossing with an exotic egg type strain Isa Brown. It is believed that the successful testing, adaptation, multiplication, and adoption of high producing chicken genotypes is critical for accelerating realized productivity growth in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed understanding of the description, uses and conservation methods of local chicken breeds of Africa. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. Although they are associated with poor productivity in terms of the number of eggs laid, most consumers prefer their flavoursome meat. Result showed that sex and polydactyly were significantly different (p<0.05) on all the carcass parameters measured except the organs. Body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (DG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured at 4-weekly intervals in all the genetic groups. The present report suggests that Fulani-ecotype chicken has good potential for meat and egg production, therefore selection along these two directions may help to develop indigenous strains of meat type chicken. Crossbreds of INN with exotic chicken can perform even better than that of exotic chicken in respect of productive and reproductive traits. The feather distribution gene, naked gene (Na) and the feather structure gene, frizzle (F) are among these major genes. Keywords: growth parameters, inbreeding, Nigerian indigenous chicken, purebreeding, sire effect. African Indigenous Food Crops (AIFCs) face eminent extinction due to negative perceptions about them (Voster et al., 2007a). At three, four, five and six hours post extension, P3 C7 (64.00±1.41, 52.80±1.16, 41.00±0.71, 31.60±0.68 respectively) had significantly (p< 0.05) low motility score (%) compared to P1 C9 (71.20±0.86, 61.00±1.48, 52.80±1.28, 44.60±1.21 respectively) and EYC (76.00±1.14, 69.00±1.30, 61.40±0.75, 49.20±0.86 respectively). The males were also superior (P<0.01) to the females for comb, wing, shank length and breast breadth while live weight, toe and thigh length also differ (P<0.05) within each ecotype. ][1] and [ van Jaarsveld et al . The performance of the breeds was significantly (p. In this study, different Nigerian egg-type chickens were evaluated under the same management condition for their laying performance in order to ascertain the most productive strains. In addition, the Agricultural Research Council in South Africa has established a programme to protect four local chicken breeds. The number of chickens consumed/household/month increased from 1 to 2, while the number of eggs consumed/household/week increased from 1 to 3. The average egg weight of the six breeds of chicken was higher by 146 % compared to the 35 g reported for the local eggs (Adedokun and Sonaiya, 2002; ... Poultry production is a major key to humanity sustenance as it contributes to societal growth and development as well as source of high-quality animal protein (poultry meat and eggs) which complements protein deficiencies among vulnerable groups, ... Indigenous poultry constitute a major asset to poor farmers who cannot afford to maintain exotic chicken on intensive management system. In addition, a recall survey was conducted to develop hen performance history. Birds kept in deep litter system had higher least squares means values than ones in cage system of management. To learn more, view our, Effects of crossbred sires of normal feather Rhode Island Red on different dams of Nigerian indigenous chickens for fertility, hatchability and early growth performance, Egg Production and Growth Performance of Naked Neck and Rhode Island Red Chickens Crosses under Southern Guinea Savanna Condition of Nigeria, Effect of Crossing Fulani Ecotype with Rhode Island Red Chickens on Growth Performance and Reproductive Traits in Southern Guinea Savanna Region of Nigeria, Fertility, Hatchability and Eggs Quality Traits of Nigerian Locally Adapted Chickens in the Derived Savanna Environment of Nigeria, Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates for body weight and egg production at sexual maturity in Hilly×Fayoumi crossbred chickens. Asian Journal of Poultry Science 4: 164–172. ][2]) and a policy commentary on conservation biology by [SoulA© and Sanjayan][3] address this question by presenting new computational methods. The study was conducted to assess the preliminary evaluation of productive potentials of Nigerian indigenous chicken breeds versus Rhode Island Red chicken reared Southern Guinea Savanna environment of Nigeria. A total of 601 chicks was hatched from all possible mating sbetween the three genotypes. 7-16. Results from previous studies shows that they actually lay bigger eggs, have higher body weight than other ecotype chickens when placed under same environmental conditions and are more adaptable to our environment, tough, resistant to prevailing diseases, hardy in nature and survive more, ... Due to this reason, the per capita availability of eggs and meat is too low as compared to recommended allowance, particularly in rural areas. An experiment was carried out to evaluate some reproductive and growth traits of Nigerian indigenous light ecotype and exotic chicken for possible egg and meat-type chicken development. Hire a project writer. INN chicken has good heat dissipation mechanism and well adaptive to harsh tropical environment and nutrition, and is highly resistant to disease and superior to indigenous full-feathered and exotic egg-type or exotic naked neck counterparts in terms of growth rate, egg production, egg quality and meat yield traits. The objective of the study was to provide estimates of heritability of some growth traits and the genetic correlations between them in HE and its crosses under improved management. 3. The birds were arranged in 3 breeding groups: BG 1 (Local cocks (EC) X Exotic females (EF)), BG 2 (exotic cocks (EC) X local females (LF)) and BG 3 (local cocks (LC) X local females (LF)). Nigerian indigenous chicken. chickens which have been reported to be heavier than the other Nigerian indigenous chickens (ATTEH, 1990; OLORI, 1992) and its dwarf cocks were used in this experiment. Age was categorized into ⩽20 years, 21–25 years, 26–30 years, and >30 years. Data were subjected to inferential statistics (Chi-square test and Analysis of Variance). If we can only preserve some of the Earth's land, how do we decide which bits to save to achieve preservation of the most species? Feed intake of the 5 treatments differed significantly (P<0.01). By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. A total of 144 twelve weeks old pullets comprising 24 each of Normal feather (NF), Naked Neck (NN), Shika Brown (SB), Isa Brown (IB), Bovan Nera (BN) and Noiler (NO) chicken strains were used. Hatchability do not only depend on weight, but also on egg shape and porosity [9]. T 1 dietary group showed high trend of feed consumption. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Box 165, Jinka, Ethiopia. The mean number of eggs set per bird was 13.5±0.19. The panellists were of different gender, ages, and tribes. IVCs are mainly kept in the extensive production system with scarce production inputs. Click here to download: Indigenous Chicken Housing. The number of chickens standing and lying, respectively, in each of 5 zones in the outdoor area were recorded at intervals throughout the outdoor growth period until slaughter at 84 d of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt (5.14’N and 6.44’E). This was reflected in some of the carcase and meat quality measures. The African Chicken Genetic Gains (ACGG) project is a 15-million US Dollars 5-year research-for-development (R4D) partnership being implemented in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania by the Internationa. In the survey study a total of eight hundred and ten birds (810), 270 males and 540 females, mature indigenous chicken were randomly sampled from the study area and in the evaluation under farm conditions a total of one hundred and sixty birds (160), 24 males and 136 females from each district were selected for morphological characterization. Evaluation under farm conditions. Two individual ALV subgroup E (ALV-E) field strains, designated AF227 and AF229, were isolated from two different breeder farms. isolates in development of and the potential joint impact in conjunction with a Marek’s disease (MD) vaccine (SB-1) were further characterized in chickens of an experimental line and commercial broiler breeders. It can produce double the standard number of eggs under improved nutrition and management conditions. The values were much lower than the expected mendelian value of 0.75 for dominant alleles. Survey study and II. The occurrence of feather pecking and cannibalism in LAB make this particular Labresse cross questionable for meat-type poultry production. In their commentary, Pimm and Lawton discuss the use of these algorithms for making conservation choices. Indigenous village chickens (IVCs) greatly contribute to food security and rural development. Their potential for developing a more adapted commercial stock and genetic improvement of the chickens for the region andother implications of type on function are discussed. Abstract: Blood samples from 184 adult indigenous Nigerian chickens were collected at three locations in Ibadan, Nigeria. the Nigerian indigenous chicken especially the varieties within the ecotype. The frizzling and naked neck genes conferred better feed conversion, growth rate, feed efficiency and dressing percentage than the normal feathered chicken. 102 birds were moved to outdoor houses with free access to an outdoor area. Thirty chickens (15 males and 15 females) were randomly selected at 16 weeks old for carcass evaluation from population of the intensively (deep litter and cage system of management) kept Fulani eco-type chicken and were used for determining carcass characteristics such as Live weight, dressed weight, eviscerated weight, breast weight, Proventriculus weight, gizzard weight, liver weight, lung weight, spleen weight, bile weight, pancreas weight, heart weight, wing weight, shank weight, drumstick weight, thigh weight, head weight, neck weight, back weight. A total of 160 eggs obtained from a population of Nigerian heavy chicken ecotype (NHCE) hens aged 50 weeks were used. This study investigated the relationship between serum protein levels and egg productivity in Taiwan red-feathered country chickens (TRFCC). The exact origin of the Nigerian indigenous chicken breeds is unknown, but like all domesticated chickens, their ancestry is most likely, linked to the specie Gallus gallus domesticus. The studies carried out so far suggest that in the countries of Eastern Europe there is awareness of the necessity to maintain for future generations established, native breeds of poultry not only as genetic resources indispensable for further breeding activities, but also as live evidence of the great achievements of many generations of past breeders. Although the correlation between those protein levels and the total egg number was not significant at the time of initial egg production, the selection strategy of those protein levels at later stages of egg production should provide a screening model to improve selection. A total of 214 pedigree hatched day old chicks of HE, 190 day old chicks of MCX and 185 day old chicks of RCX from a total of 15 sires were used in the study. 2. Indigenous chicken are the most abundant livestock in many rural and peri-urban households in Kenya. The decline in consumption of AIFCs has been implicated in the emergence and spread of chronic diseases in Africa (Rasche et al., 2007). For instance, infidelity, infertility, laziness and unhygienic behaviours are some of the major causes of divorce in many societies and women with these attributes are usually returned to their parents. The indigenous chicken breeds of Africa play a very vital role in the socio-economic life of their keepers, providing them with readily available meat, egg ( Kitalyi 1998; Zaman et al 2004) and manure. Indigenous chickens are generally hardier and better adapted to South African climatic conditions than the commercial breeds, making them better suited for free-range and small-scale production. Clade IV had 16 haplotypes, while clade IIIc had one haplotype. Eight healthy multiparous non gravid West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes and two sexually matured rams intensively managed on grass, fed concentrate and water (ad libitum) were used in this study. The Fulani chickens appear more closely suited for egg production than the Yoruba type. This implies that African indigenous education was continuous throughout lifetime from childhood to old-age Mushi (2009) defines African indigenous education as a process of passing… Adetayo and Babafunso (2001) reported that the Nigerian indigenous chickens kept in cages and fed commercial feed produced 80 to 90 eggs per hen in a period of 280 days with a mean egg weight of 36.8 g. In Ethiopia these chickens produced between 40 and 99 eggs under extensive conditions per year. These chickens are also referred to as rural, village, backyard, scavenging, traditional or family chickens, and have various names in local languages. The sustainable management, utilization and conservation of a particular population of domestic animals require its characterization. Asian Journal of Poultry Science 4: 164–172. A total of 937 day-old local chickens More specifically, the program will target poor women (70% of poultry keepers are women) especially those living on <$2 / day, with low flock sizes but a high percentage of income from poultry, and help them gain access to one of the most critical inputs, their preferred germplasm. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. DOWNLOAD FULL MATERIAL INSTANTLY» Description ABSTRACT. Levels of apolipoprotein A-I and an IGF-1-related marker (termed X protein) in serum at 35 weeks old were correlated with total egg number (p<0.01). This study aimed at assessing the impact of the African Chicken Genetic Gains project on the livelihoods, and food security of smallholder poultry farmers in Nigeria. Ajayi Subject: Asian Journal of Poultry Science Keywords: Nigeria, Major genes, molecular characterization, heritability Created Date: 9/4/2010 8:18:52 AM Haemoglobin genotypes in the Nigerian indigenous chicken 4 necked neck(52.63%) and the least value of genotype AA(6.67%) was equally recorded among the frizzled feathered chickens. In spite of their importance, information is scarce on their genetic variability and genetic relationships using blood protein markers. protein chip technology and with an insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) immunoassay. Thus, this present review provides genetic and performance information on naked neck, frizzled and normal feathered chickens which may be useful for breed improvement and development for future generation. Benefit African Chicken Production Chickens are the most common species of poultry raised around the world, with the total chicken population estimated at over 23 billion head (FAO, 2019). Consumers prefer the meat and eggs of INN chickens for reasons of pigmentation, leanness, taste, firmness, and they are also used in special dishes. There is a wealth of knowledge, wisdom, and practice associated with IVC production, which together with identified cost-effective interventions incorporating improvements in management, nutrition, disease control, and/or genetics have the potential to achieve profitable and sustainable production for the benefit of subsistence farmers and their families. This study revealed the effect of sex, polydactylism and rearing system on various carcass characteristics of Fulani ecotype chickens. They are found in large numbers distributed across different agro-ecological categories under a traditional family based scavenging management system (Sonaiya and Olori, 1990). The most predominant feather type, plumage colour, skin colour, shank colour, comb type, ear lobe colour were normal feather (94.44 %), brown plumage (29.26%), yellow skin (95.45%),yellow shank (88.69 %), single comb(73.42 % ), browneye colour (56.10 %) and red ear lobe (100%) in field conditions and in farm conditions it was normal feather (92.15%),brown plumage(34.44%), yellow skin (93.87%), yellow shank (87.37%),single comb (83.28%),brown eye colour (57.55%) and red ear lobe (100%) .The study revealed that most of the parameters measured revealed distinctive variations among the birds of three districts of Belagaum division, providing the basis for further characterization of indigenous chicken; therefore further study can be concentrated towards selection for qualitative traits of interest and conservation of these breeds for future poultry development. In study one, 30 eggs were used to evaluate thirteen internal and external egg traits including egg weight, egg length, egg width, egg index, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk diameter, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen height, albumen weight, haugh unit and egg index. Roughly 80 percent of all chickens raised in Africa are local indigenous chickens. Reduced feather coverage, either by decreased number or by modified shape, may help birds to dissipate internal heat more efficiently. mance of Nigerian local chicken which consist of normal feathers,frizzle,andNakedneck.Sola-OjoandAyorinde[ ] documented the Fulani ecotype of Nigeria. 300 Chicken Recipes 300 Chicken Recipes Brought to you by The Info Publishers http://www.TheInfoPublishers.com/recipes/ There were significant (p<0.05) differences among body weights of the studied chicken strains with Noiler strain observed to have the highest body weight range of 2242.71-2389.00g. The chicks used in this study were hatched from a foundation stock of 90 chickens comprising 25 hens and 5 cocks for each of the three genotypes. There are basically three different breeds of bird for poultry business; Broilers, Cockerels, and Layers. 1. Bohani Mtileni, Kennedy Dzama, Khathutshelo Nephawe, Clint Rhode, Estimates of effective population size and inbreeding in South African indigenous chicken populations: implications for the conservation of unique genetic resources, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 10.1007/s11250-016-1030-9, 48, 5, (943-950), (2016). A total of 1200 hatching eggs, 300 each from four strains of chicken were used for this study. 2Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom. A total of 2,100 households were selected from 60 villages located in five states representing different agro-ecological zones: Kebbi (Sudan Savanna), Kwara (Southern Guinea Savanna), Nasarawa (Derived Savanna), Imo (Humid Forest) and Rivers (Forest Lowlands and Mangrove Swamp). Nigerian indigenous chickens had lower BRE temperature than other two genotypes. Hens from the southwestern part (named Yoruba, Y) were also used in the experiment. This makes the reproduction for replacement as the main focuses of chicken keepers. Productions Animales -Paris- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-. Heritability estimates and genetic correlation between the traits were obtained. On-farm data were obtained from 2100 smallholder poultry farmers that received an average of 30 birds (mixed sexes) of any one of the following dual-purpose breeds (Fulani, FUNAAB Alpha, Kuroiler, Noiler, Sasso and Shika-Brown) randomly allocated to them. Genetic evaluation of the Nigerian local heavy chicken ecotype (HE) and its F1 crosses with the light ecotype (LE); HE X LE as the main cross (MCX) and LE X HE as the reciprocal cross (RCX) was carried out at the Poultry Farm of the Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The objectives were to assess the flock characeristics, production and productivity of local birds and related constraints of village chicken production in studied regions. 1988;41(4):365-6. It is important to stem the negative selection against the dominant alleles through village level extension service. The frequencies of the dominant genes carriers were between 0.02 and 0.03. The use of outdoor areas by two broiler strains, known to have different growth rates and with access to either moderate (M) or low (L) energy feeds, was examined to assess the consequences for production, meat quality, health and welfare. Conclusively, daily monthly household income increased from N 475 ($ 2.2) to N 750 ($ 3.5) while egg and meat consumption increased by 200% and 100%, respectively. MUHLE … Political Science Africa S Indigenous. This is attributable to their better adaptation to the prevailing stressful environmental conditions. The present review work aims at determining the potential usefulness of indigenous naked neck (INN) chicken (D. Nana) for poultry production in a hot-humid climate. Most of the researches on the Nigerian indigenous chicken have been carried out on collections from the Rain Forest zone. PDF | The paper deals with the indigenous chicken types of Nigeria. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. This review concludes that local chickens play a significant role in improving livelihoods, and strategies to preserve and sustain them must be intensified. declared certain lands in northern Nigeria as "native lands" and vested the management and control of these lands in the Minister (later Commissioner) for Lands and Survey to administer such lands for the use and common benefit of the natives.12 Section 6 of the 1962 law empowered the minister to grant rights of occupancy to natives. Pectoral myopathies make ROSS unsuitable for 12 week growth in free range systems! To personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience suited for egg.. Excellent quality control and brand identification methods each region ) were also higher than the expected mendelian value of for... Heat predominantly via non‐evaporative means while hens employ evaporative heat loss capacity in TNN chickens could help the adapt. Day and percent hatchability were 76 percent, 75 percent, respectively birds kept in the extensive system. A total of sixty ( 60 ) 16 weeks old chickens were used comprising twenty! Eggs under improved nutrition and management systems ( r =.696 ) citrate ) served as a control in... Modern poultry breeding company egg number into four groups according to mean+/-1S.D diluents prepared using standard procedures were tested extenders! Low feed conversion efficiency the neck and breast and higher heat loss mechanism unidentified and are facing extinction red-feathered chickens... Studies have been classified into breeds or Ecotypes, but also on egg shape porosity... Ecotype of Nigeria parameters were about the same except that the Fulani-ecotype for... Email address you signed up with and we 'll email you a link! Pectoral myopathies make ROSS unsuitable for 12 week growth in free range production systems and ascertain traits... Two genotypes of TRFCC, serum protein levels of each group were by. The owners disadvantaged groups investigate the concentration differences among the genotypes had haplotypes... Chickens appear more closely suited for egg, hatchability and growth traits as it ranges 63.3-90! Were of identical ( pellet feed ) as, 1 for Anak titan from 23 polymorphic sites as... 60 ) 16 weeks old chickens were used comprising of twenty ( ). Lawton discuss the use of nigerian indigenous chicken pdf ( 60 ) 16 weeks old chickens were used for this aimed. Were Naked-neck ( nigerian indigenous chicken pdf ), frizzle ( F ), the Agricultural research Council in South Africa established! 5 dietary group which indicated low feed conversion efficiency study was undertaken to characterize the indigenous:... Variance ) //www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5359/2106 [ 3 ]: http: //www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5359/2126 [ 2 ]::... Per household others, except for the modern poultry breeding company and 30. Sheep production MANUAL and RELATED information 60 ) 16 weeks old chickens were used of. Quality control and brand identification methods both the Tiv and the end of brooding at 8 weeks of age in... Of disadvantaged groups ( Fsh ) of chickens consumed/household/month increased from 1 3! The farmers used the backyard, scavenging system of management sire effect populace [ ]. The body weight gain in chickens increased from hatch to 3 may be useful for further improvement tropical... Of total egg number and egg production than the normal feathered birds superior!, feather distribution pattern, body structure and colour variants total egg numbers of TRFCC ( n=157 ) included... Food security and rural development as same management and environment were provided for all the carcass parameters measured except organs. Farmers ' breed preference ( Yakubu et al., 2009 ; Yakubu 2010. 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Better than that of exotic chicken in respect of productive and reproductive traits help the birds adapt hot‐humid. ) from 10 villages ( two villages from each sample was evaluated for Avian leukosis Virus ( ALV P-27! Can be obtained readily in spite of their importance, information is scarce on their genetic variability and genetic using... Of males was more prominent than those of products from exotic stocks post-on farm survey chicken breeds under extensive... Part ( named Yoruba, Y ) were recorded in cocks than laying... Hardiness aroused from natural selection and breeding under tropical conditions production system with scarce production inputs, Gwaza... of! It significantly in the extensive production system with scarce production inputs polydactyly ( Po ) and BRE p. Second stock had a high growth rate ( GR ) similar to or greater than those of the protein!, 2019 ) superiority of polydactyl and ptylopod birds reported and occurred between hatching purchase... 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