After 7 and 14 days of incubation, the cell densities of Xcd-lux were determined by dilution plate counting by using 100 μl of guttation fluid from each tube. Like most websites we use cookies. Four ecofriendly materials viz., turmeric powder impregnated in sodium bicarbonate (0.15%), neem oil (2%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (a proprietary product at 1.5%) and cow dung extract (7.5%) were compared with streptocycline (100 µg ml-1) and Captan (0.3%) for their efficacy in controlling bacterial blight of anthurium. In July 2007, symptoms of bacterial blight were observed on leaves of anthurium plants growing in a commercial greenhouse in central Poland. This indicates that guttation fluid itself does not inhibit the pathogen; instead, biotic factors are involved in the inhibition. The experiment was repeated by using six cultivar Marian Seefurth plants per treatment. Effects of organic nutrients (concentration, 0.1%) added to guttation fluid on the inhibition of Xcd-lux by guttation bacteria. Bacterial blight of anthurium. Growth and survival of Xcd-lux in filter-sterilized guttation fluids when it was coinoculated with guttation bacteria. The plants were grown in a glasshouse with shading provided by two layers of saran (70% light transmission each). This indicated that there would be no bacterial blight re-infection even if old pots were used immediately even without … Equal volumes of the five cell suspensions were mixed, and the mixture was sprayed onto the foliage of 20 plants until runoff occurred. After 2 weeks, all of the guttation fluid samples were individually filter sterilized, and 1.5 ml of each filtered sample was inoculated with 15 μl of a suspension of Xcd-lux cells. The leaves normally produced 100 to 500 μl of guttation fluid per leaf overnight. Similar results were obtained in the second trial of this experiment. Negative images of bioluminescence emission from infected leaves were scanned with a computer and converted to positive images by using Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems Inc., Mountain View, Calif.). Thank you for sharing this Applied and Environmental Microbiology article. Guttation bacteria were directly delivered to the xylem by the notching procedure, and the inhibition of the pathogen observed in guttation fluids was reproduced in planta. 7). This research project was conducted in conjunction with the 1995 National Science Foundation Young Scholars Pacific Region Program. Sampling day was considered the repeated measurement in factorial designs. dieffenbachiae to monitor the progression of disease in leaves nondestructively. To be effective, it needs to have at least 50% copper oxychloride and applications need to be done early in the season before the disease develops. Bacterial Blight of Anthurium: Authors: Nishijima, Wayne T. Fujiyama, Darryl K. Keywords: Anthurium anthuriums Hawaii Xanthomonas campestris pv. ex André), which is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. Before using strain Xcd-lux for experiments, we confirmed that Tn4431 encoding the lux genes (20) was present in the strain by growing it and observing bioluminescence emissions from colonies on 523 medium (8) containing 50 μg of rifampin per ml and 10 μg of tetracycline per ml. The disinfested leaves were each covered with a clean plastic bag in the evening, and the plants were watered. Cell suspensions of Xcd-lux and a mixture containing the five guttation bacteria were inoculated into two tubes containing filter-sterilized guttation fluid from cultivar Marian Seefurth. Peptone-glucose medium (PGM) (1% peptone, 0.5% glucose, 1.7% agar) and yeast extract-dextrose-calcium carbonate (YDC) medium (28) were used to produce Xcd-lux inocula and inocula of all other bacterial strains, respectively. The estimated size of the initial inoculum of Xcd-lux was 6.69 ± 0.08 log CFU/ml (mean of seven observations). The density of Xcd-lux cells in the guttation fluid that had not been inoculated with any bacteria was 7.10 ± 0.02 log CFU/ml after 7 days of incubation. For comparison, 15-μl portions of the suspension were inoculated into equivalent amounts of sterile distilled water and phosphate buffer (two tubes each). … Survival of Xcd-lux in filter-sterilized guttation fluid inoculated with various mixtures of bacterial strains isolated from guttation fluids from several anthurium cultivars. Unlike the tests described above, guttation fluid was repeatedly collected from the same leaf for 2 to 4 consecutive days by placing a new plastic bag onto the leaf each day. Then, 15 μl of an Xcd-lux cell suspension and 15 μl of a mixture of cells of the five guttation bacteria were added to the guttation fluid in order to examine the effects of the three organic nutrients (final concentration of each nutrient, 0.1%) on inhibition of Xcd-lux by the guttation bacteria. Such a balanced and self-sustaining bacterial community is ideal for biological control if the same phenomenon can be reproduced in planta. Images of bioluminescence emission from the leaves recorded on X-ray film revealed that infection was initiated at the wound sites and advanced rapidly into the vascular tissues in nontreated leaves (Fig.9). The pathogen, X. campestris pv. When the five guttation bacteria were applied as a mixture to the leaves, they significantly reduced foliar infection and were especially effective in preventing invasion of the pathogen through wounds. Anthurium plants (height, 30 to 40 cm) were transplanted into black cinder in pots (10 by 10 cm) and were fertilized with pellets of Nutricote (13-13-13 plus microelements in a 70-day release formulation; Chisso Asahi Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at a rate of about 0.6 to 0.7 g per pot. Isabelle ROBENE, Scientific officer. These results may indicate that the guttation bacteria did not interfere with the pathogen efficiently on the leaf surface. The test tubes were covered with caps, sealed with Parafilm, and incubated at 28°C (without shaking) for 7 days. Pruning infected plant material is the first step in controlling the disease. The bars represent the means of four replicates. A sudden decrease in the pH during incubation is unlikely since anthurium guttation fluid is highly buffered, possibly as a result of ions in the xylem sap that form carbonates (7). Effects of guttation bacteria on survival of Xcd-lux in the filter-sterilized guttation fluid. The white background illumination is bioluminescence from Xcd-lux recorded on X-ray film. For each incubation time, bars marked by the same letter were not significantly different (P = 0.01), as determined by the SNK test. (D) Xcd-lux inoculated with GUT5. 3). This is mainly due to the fact that the most important cultural control for foliar bacterial diseases is elimination of overhead watering and exposure to rainfall. Bacterial treatment is also proving to be beneficial, especially with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Because of its attractive, long-lasting flowers, Anthurium is popular as both an exotic cut-flower crop and as a flowering potted-plant crop. None of the guttation fluid samples was inhibitory to Xcd-lux when all bacteria (including Xcd-lux) were removed by filtration after 14 days of incubation and Xcd-lux was reinoculated into the filtered fluids (data not shown). Mixture F consisted of two strains isolated from cultivar Ellison Onizuka and three strains isolated from cultivar Nitta. The average sizes of the populations of all bacteria in nonfiltered guttation fluids were not significantly different among the cultivars (Fig. Growing plants under plastic or glass houses coupled with drip irrigation rather than overhead or sprinkler irrigation reduced the spread of the bacteria through aerosols and water splash and significantly reduced the incidence of blight in anthurium seedling culture (29). dieffenbachiae has provided valuable information on the infection process in bacterial blight, especially during the latent systemic phase of infection (4). The resulting plates were incubated at 28°C for 3 days to allow individual bacterial colonies to develop, and 10 dominant strains were isolated and transferred to YDC and TZC media. Methods of preventing frost injury caused by epiphytic ice-nucleation-active bacteria. After 7 or 14 days of incubation, the average size of the population of Xcd-lux in nonfiltered guttation fluids from cultivar Marian Seefurth was significantly smaller than the average size of the population of Xcd-lux in nonfiltered guttation fluids from cultivar ARCS, Kalapana, or Tropic Mist. The sizes of populations of Xcd-lux in sterile distilled water and phosphate buffer determined 15 days after inoculation were 6.41 and 5.91 log CFU/ml, respectively. In this test, the cell densities of the five guttation bacteria were determined individually on the basis of the different colony morphologies of the bacteria on TZC medium containing 100 μg of cycloheximide per ml. Images for nonwounded leaves are not shown. 96-34135-2841). The effect of guttation bacteria on disease suppression was more evident in notched leaves than in intact leaves. In a similar test, the effects of three mineral nutrients on inhibition of Xcd-lux by the guttation bacteria were determined. In: Proceedings of 6th international conference on plant pathogenic bacteria. Symbols: ●, Xcd-lux; ○, GUT3; ▵, GUT4; ×, GUT5; □, GUT6; ▴, GUT9. The pH values of individual guttation fluid samples after incubation ranged from 5.5 to 7.5, but the pH values were not related to the inhibitory effects of the guttation fluids. In bacterium-treated leaves, in contrast, there was no evidence that infections advanced from the wound sites, but infection through hydathodes at the leaf margins was evident (Fig. The severity of disease was assessed three times (19, 32, and 44 days after inoculation) for nonwounded plants and three times (19, 27, and 38 days after inoculation) for wounded plants. Xanthomonas blight on Anthurium. There was no significant difference in the average sizes of the populations of all bacteria in nonfiltered guttation fluids among the cultivars (Fig. Mixture A consisted of the five guttation bacteria (GUT3, GUT4, GUT5, GUT6, and GUT9). Disease incidence was approximately 10% at the time of inspection. The resulting solution was serially diluted (10-fold) and plated onto PGM containing 50 μg of rifampin per ml, 10 μg of tetracycline per ml, and 100 μg of cycloheximide per ml. dieffenbachiae, cannot survive as a free living organism like those in plant debris and in clean pot surfaces. Inhibition of growth was not observed in filter-sterilized guttation fluids and was restored to original levels only by reintroducing specific mixtures of bacteria into filter-sterilized guttation fluids. Hara AH, Tsang MMC, Jacobsen CM, Yogi-Chun JAT, Hata TY, Niino-DuPonte RY (2004) Pest management strategies for anthuriums. Addition of glucose, peptone, or yeast extract (each at a concentration of 0.1%) to the guttation fluids reversed the inhibition, suggesting that competition for organic nutrients is involved in the inhibition observed in the guttation fluids. This bacterial community has potential for biological control of anthurium blight. Getting foliage wet during watering is a major contributor to leaf blight. Therefore, we examined the role(s) of indigenous bacterial communities on suppression of leaf infection by the anthurium bacterial blight pathogen, X. campestris pv. dieffenbachiae), and burrowing nematodes, Radopholus similis, and their effect on viability of the cuttings.Xa pv. Bacterial blight of anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Lind. dieffenbachiae. There are over 13,661,000 records available in CAB Direct | Last updated on December 24, 2020. Moreover, only the pathogen was eliminated from a mixture containing the pathogen and the five guttation bacteria, and the populations of the five guttation bacteria were sustained for 14 days in the guttation fluid. Invasion of the pathogen through hydathodes at leaf margins was reduced by applying the strain mixture to the leaves. The differences in the initial sizes of the populations of all bacteria for the cultivars were not significant, as determined by the SNK test. The leaves were subsequently inoculated with Xcd-lux. Generally, using cultural controls is not as effective for bacterial leaf spot diseases as for some other diseases like Botrytis blight and downy mildew. In addition, neither CaCl2 nor MgCl2 reversed the inhibition. Samples obtained from the same leaf were pooled in a sterile glass tube and stored at 5°C until the amount of guttation fluid exceeded 4 ml for all plants. No mixture or pair of other leaf-inhabiting xanthomonads (X. campestris pv. University of Hawaii, CTAHR IP-17. The bars represent the means of four replicates. This procedure ensured that slight differences in the mixing ratios (expected in experiments conducted at different times) did not drastically affect the inhibitory effects of the mixtures. The chemical control of bacterial blight on anthurium is still not successful because of the pathogenic bacteria’s serious resistance to antibiotics. However, the roles of such microorganisms in the inhibition of the pathogen are probably limited, since repopulating filter-sterilized guttation fluids with specific mixtures of resident bacteria (members of the bacterial community) restored the inhibitory effects of the guttation fluids. The effects of the mixtures on the survival of Xcd-lux were examined by determining the Xcd-lux cell densities (with four replicates) in 100-μl guttation fluid samples taken 4 and 8 days after inoculation. dieffenbachiae which also causes leaf spot and blight diseases of many other aroids. Five of the 10 strains, designated strains GUT3, GUT4, GUT5, GUT6, and GUT9, were selected for further study since they exhibited fast colony growth and had a distinctive colony morphology on YDC and TZC media. On the next day, leaves were wounded by notching them (arrowheads), and the same bacterial mixture was placed on the wounds. Yet, bacterial blight has not been eradicated from production fields, since the mild climate and persistent latent infections perpetuate the disease in symptomless plants (5, 17). Various biological factors may have affected bacterial strains on the leaf surface; these factors include survival, mobility, and subsequent colonization of the hydathodes. Watering with drip irrigation will reduce the amount of water that gets on the leaves. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. Watering your anthurium plants by placing six ice cubes on the soil and allowing them to melt once per week keeps the leaves from getting wet. An outbreak of bacterial blight in the 1980s had a severe impact on Hawaii’s local anthurium industry (21, 22). In this study, guttation fluids were collected from leaves that had not previously been infected by the pathogen. FIND ME AT:https://www.instagram.com/plantmeashleyhttps://www.etsy.com/shop/plantmeashleyHey! This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Symptoms were manifested as water soaked lesions that turned dark brown with chlorotic margins, forming regular or round spots up to 2 cm diameter, most often at the leaf margins. 3 p. (Commodity Fact Sheet; CFS-AN-4A). " Management of bacterial blight of anthurium " 另存为： AGRIS_应用 RIS 尾注(XML) Continuing to use www.cabdirect.org A mixture containing five guttation bacteria was inoculated onto wounded (notched) and nonwounded leaves of cultivar Marian Seefurth plants. Effects of guttation bacteria on survival of Xcd-lux in the filter-sterilized guttation fluid.The size of the Xcd-lux population in the filter-sterilized guttation fluids remained close to the initial population size in the absence of guttation bacteria (Fig.1A). 8C and D). For comparison, two tubes containing filtered guttation fluid which had not been inoculated previously with any bacteria were incubated with Xcd-lux. One-half of the wounded plants were sprayed with the mixture of guttation bacteria, and the other half were sprayed with sterile distilled water. Thus, possible toxic compounds (e.g., phytoalexins) or factors induced by the host defense mechanisms (e.g., reactive oxygen species) were not expected to be involved. Interactions between the biological control agent, Ecological similarlity and coexistence of epiphytic ice-nucleating (Ice, Submission, Review, & Publication Processes, Copyright © 1999 American Society for Microbiology. Chemical control of bacterial blight of anthurium using commercial agricultural chemicals and other antibacterial agents was ineffective. The missing datum point was estimated by using a general linear model. The densities of Xcd-lux and total bacterial cells were determined 3 days (data not shown) and 7 and 14 days after inoculation. Siderophores are not involved in the inhibition of Xcd-lux, because addition of 100 μM Fe-EDTA to the guttation fluid did not reverse the inhibition. Fifteen microliters of the Xcd-lux cell suspension was inoculated into 1.47 ml of each filter-sterilized guttation fluid in a sterile test tube. A recent report that bacterial blight occurs in The Netherlands and that the pathogen was isolated from propagative materials en route from The Netherlands to India (19) indicates that the disease is not restricted to tropical and subtropical regions. and Ochrobactrum sp. Survival of Xcd-lux in guttation fluids from various anthurium cultivars (second trial). This phenomenon was observed more frequently with some cultivars (e.g., cultivars ARCS and UH1060) than with others. The pH values of the guttation fluid samples were determined after the last sample was collected by using pH indicator strips (range, pH 4.5 to 10.0, with 0.5-pH unit increments; Baxter Scientific Products, McGaw Park, Ill.). The tubes were incubated as described above. It is known that there is competition between bacterial species that inhabit the same ecological niche (29, 30) and between two nearly isogenic species (6, 11, 12). 9). Values (bars) marked by asterisks are significantly different (P = 0.01) from the corresponding average values for nontreated leaves. It’s an inexpensive way of using the drip irrigation technique in your house plants. Several resistant (tolerant) cultivars have been developed by conventional breeding and have been grown widely in recent years. 23pp. The experiment consisted of the following four treatments (10 plants per treatment, one leaf per plant): leaves that were treated with bacteria and wounded (by notching at four sites around the leaf margin); leaves that were not treated but were wounded; leaves that were treated with bacteria and not wounded; and leaves that were not treated and not wounded. The bars represent the means of 10 or 12 observations. The effect of the five inhibitory strains on reducing disease in susceptible anthurium plants was tested by using a bioluminescent strain ofX. Effects of guttation bacteria on suppression of foliar infection by Xcd-lux.Pretreatment of anthurium leaves with mixtures of guttation bacteria significantly reduced infection by Xcd-lux of both intact (nonwounded) and wounded (notched) leaves (Fig.8). Novelanthurium hybrids produced by tissue culture will be indexed for disease and nematode … Find out more about this exciting new development, Using our new visualization tools you can, Using our new highlighting and annotation tool you can, remove selected records that are not saved in My CABI, sign you out of your 1B through F). The images represent the leaves analyzed in the first trial, which had the disease severity indices closest to the average values. These results suggest that certain susceptible cultivars may occasionally harbor a bacterial community that is inhibitory to the pathogen. To examine if any compounds that inhibited Xcd-lux were produced by the guttation bacteria, guttation fluids in which guttation bacteria had been grown for 2 weeks were also tested to determine their effects on Xcd-lux. The initial densities of Xcd-lux and total bacteria were 6.34 ± 0.06 and 6.71 ± 0.04 log CFU/ml (means of four replicates), respectively. The mechanism of disease suppression by guttation bacteria is not known. One hundred microliters of each filtered sample was removed from one replicate tube for each of eight cultivars within 20 min after inoculation and used to estimate the initial Xcd-lux population size by dilution plate counting. dieffenbachiae (McCulloch and Pirone 1939) Dye (= Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Bacterial blight of anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Lind. This project laid the groundwork for future field experiments. (F) Xcd-lux inoculated with GUT9. Populations of beneficial bacteria decline after foliar application on anthurium plants. This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible. Microorganisms indigenous to a guttation fluid may play a significant role in determining the fate of a pathogen before it becomes successfully established in hydathodes. dieffenbachiae []), is an important disease in Hawaii, as well as other tropical and subtropical regions.An outbreak of bacterial blight in the 1980s had a severe impact on Hawaii’s local anthurium … Disease incidence was approximately 10% at the time of inspection. Same principle may apply for the pathogen can be reproduced in planta regions. Into a new disease of Persian walnut trees are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions to! Fluids, in contrast, the severity of disease was assessed by examiners! Contrast, the pathogen ( 1 ) stored in 25 % glycerol in distilled water at −80°C until were... To guttation bacteria had no effect on the infection process in bacterial blight anthurium. 1980S had a severe impact on Hawaii ’ s possible to salvage healthy portions and keep it alive one deviation! 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