The short and comparatively straightforward Apocalypse of Thomas has no immediate connection with the synoptic gospels, while the canonical Jude – if the name can be taken to refer to Judas Thomas Didymus – certainly attests to early intra-Christian conflict. answers to some common questions about Thomas. In the 4th century Cyril of Jerusalem considered the author a disciple of Mani who was also called Thomas. Although no copy of Q has ever been discovered, the fact that Thomas is similarly a 'sayings' Gospel is viewed by some scholars as an indication that the early Christians did write collections of the sayings of Jesus, bolstering the Q hypothesis.[75]. According to this argument – which presupposes firstly the rectitude of the two-source hypothesis (widely held among current New Testament scholars[citation needed]), in which the author of Luke is seen as having used the pre-existing gospel according to Mark plus a lost Q source to compose his gospel – if the author of Thomas did, as Saying 5 suggests – refer to a pre-existing gospel according to Luke, rather than Mark's vocabulary, then the gospel of Thomas must have been composed after both Mark and Luke (the latter of which is dated to between 60 AD and 90 AD). Q  few important books on the subject. versions of the Gospel of Thomas were discovered during archeological excavations discovered at Nag Hammadi. survive which contained extensive sections of clearly Gnostic character and provenance. the formation of orthodoxy, and by the end of the fourth century most had been condemned Although I started out skeptical about the various accounts, I have read enough now to be fairly convinced. translated by M. R. James. The manuscript of the Coptic text (CG II), found in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, is dated at around 340 AD. Unfortunately, modern readers comes to this incipit devoid of a technique of [77] Cyril stated: The word "didymos" is Greek for twin and the word "thomas" is Aramaic for twin. discovered over a half century ago in the Egyptian desert – dates to the very The Gospel of Thomas opens with these words: "These are the secret sayings which the Living Jesus spoke and which Didymus Judas Thomas wrote down." [70], N.T. and Protology of the Gospel of Thomas by Stevan L. Davies, Journal of Biblical as an important force in Western culture for nearly two thousand years. Johannine Sayings in the Gospel of Thomas: The Sayings Traditions in their [6], The introduction states: "These are the hidden words that the living Jesus spoke and Didymos Judas Thomas wrote them down. Bartholomew, translations of GTh and publications about GTh is provided in the suggested readings section of our Bookstore. As this scholarly debate continued, theologian Christopher W. Skinner disagreed with Riley, DeConick, and Pagels over any possible John–Thomas interplay, and concluded that in the book of John, Thomas the disciple "is merely one stitch in a wider literary pattern where uncomprehending characters serve as foils for Jesus's words and deeds". [37] Koester agrees, citing especially the parables contained in sayings 8, 9, 57, 63, 64 and 65. Thomas. [46][better source needed] In contrast, several of Thomas' sayings refer to the light born 'within'.[47]. [5] Other scholars have suggested an Alexandrian origin. [53] Meyer also lists "uncertainty about James the righteous, the brother of Jesus" as characteristic of a 1st-century origin.[38]. The Gospel of Thomas, written around 140 A.D., is another example of a counterfeit writing erroneously bearing an apostles' name. Bible scholar Bruce Metzger wrote regarding the formation of the New Testament canon, "Although the fringes of the emerging canon remained unsettled for generations, a high degree of unanimity concerning the greater part of the New Testament was attained among the very diverse and scattered congregations of believers not only throughout the Mediterranean world, but also over an area extending from Britain to Mesopotamia. But more importantly, the Gospel The Gospel of Thomas, p. 12, Brown, Ian Phillip, "Where Indeed Was the Gospel of Thomas Written? Craig A. Evans states that saying 54 in Thomas, which speaks of the poor and the kingdom of heaven, is more similar to the Syriac version of Matthew 5:3 than the Greek version of that passage or the parallel in Luke 6:20. [38] Maurice Casey has strongly questioned the argument from genre: the "logic of the argument requires that Q and the Gospel of Thomas be also dated at the same time as both the book of Proverbs and the Sayings of Amen-em-Opet. Masing, Uku & Kaide Rätsep, Barlaam and Joasaphat: some problems connected with the story of "Barlaam & Joasaphat", the Acts of Thomas, the Psalms of Thomas and the Gospel of Thomas, "In the Synoptic Gospels this is the "Greatest" Commandment" that sums up all of the "Law and the Prophets". in Luc. Although it is generally thought that the Gospel of Thomas was first composed in Greek, there is evidence that the Coptic Nag Hammadi text is a translation from Syriac (see Syriac origin). associate with the region of Syria, perhaps because Thomas or disciples claiming him as "soteriology" – the concept of a redeemer and the process of redemption 66–73. 3:6, 6:52–6 – but pointedly contrasting these with 6:63, Pagels, Elaine. ), Thomas is regarded as the twin brother of Jesus. Thomas makes an anachronistic mistake by turning Jesus the Jewish prophet into a Hellenistic/Cynic philosopher. culture. Scholars have proposed dates of composition as early as AD 60 and as late as AD 140. The earliest Christians believed Jesus would soon return, and their beliefs are echoed in the earliest Christian writings. Five excellent and widely used translations of the Gospel of Thomas are Translations of the sayings found in these Greek fragments of Thomas are presented The Christology One of the first internet pages dedicated to the GTh, for learned comments about the Gospel of Thomas, submitted over the years to variety [11][12] The name of Thomas was also attached to the Book of Thomas the Contender, which was also in Nag Hammadi Codex II, and the Acts of Thomas. For many who are first will become last, and they will become one and the same'".[28]. "whoever finds the interpretation of these sayings will not experience death." His translations of the Gospel of Thomas, In keeping with Roman society, many Gentile Christians remained anti-Semitic, overlooking that Jesus himself and his disciples were Jewish, at least according to the Synoptic Gospels, the first three accounts of Jesus in the New Testament ().. It appears the author's name was Judas, and his nickname was "the twin" (set forth in two languages). They contend that many sayings of the Gospel of Thomas are more similar to Syriac translations of the canonical gospels than their record in the original Greek. They call it the, Matthew 1:16, 18–25, 2:11, 13:53–55, Mark 6:2–3, Luke 1:30–35, 2:4–21, 34, "After the people were baptized, Jesus also came and was baptized by John. Because of this, Ehrman argues, the Gospel of Thomas was probably composed by a Gnostic some time in the early 2nd century. of an ancient site in Oxyrhynchus, Egypt. 2) Jesus said, … Unfortunately we have recently found that [22][23] These three papyrus fragments of Thomas date to between 130 and 250 AD. In the 4th and 5th centuries, various Church Fathers wrote that the Gospel of Thomas was highly valued by Mani. [14][15] Since its discovery, many scholars have seen it as evidence in support of the existence of a "Q source", which might have been very similar in its form as a collection of sayings of Jesus without any accounts of his deeds or his life and death, referred to as a "sayings gospel".[16]. the introduction, "When Jesus opens his mouth in the Gospel of Thomas, there is a Mark was a popular name in the first century, but one Mark in particular consistently pops up throughout the New Testament, and he’s believed to be the John Mark who wrote the gospel. We Thomas, several other ancient noncanonical Christian documents claimed authority in the This gospel goes into the greatest detail, Described in Matthew & Luke, Mark only makes reference to a "Mother", Not mentioned, although the "Word becomes flesh" in John 1:14, N/A as this is a gospel of Jesus' sayings, Not mentioned, possibly 3 years according to the, Hebrew Passover is celebrated but details are N/A Epiphanius, John adds detailed account of Mary's experience of the Resurrection. 114 sayings in GTh. (Important Note:  Virtually all digital (I'll give you some excerpts below.) honored a specific Christian apostolic figure as patron and initiatory source. [50] John portrays Thomas as physically touching the risen Jesus, inserting fingers and hands into his body, and ending with a shout. Moreover, there are some sayings, (principally log. ), Redemption and Redeemer in the Gospel of cit., pp. Helmut Koester, published online as part of the 1998 PBS Television Frontline and Protology of the Gospel of Thomas, Q  In another apparent contrast, John's text matter-of-factly presents a bodily resurrection as if this is a sine qua non of the faith; in contrast, Thomas' insights about the spirit-and-body are more nuanced. sources. "[62] According to John P. Meier, scholars predominantly conclude that Thomas depends on or harmonizes the Synoptics. The Jesus said, "Go, sell all that you have and distribute to the poor; and come, follow me." (1) And he said: “Whoever finds the meaning of … In saying 13, Peter and Matthew are depicted as unable to understand the true significance or identity of Jesus. The Gospel of Thomas is an ancient lost Gospel manuscript found in the desert of Egypt in 1945 near Nag Hammadi. Enthymemic With respect to the famous story of "Doubting Thomas",[48] it is suggested[45] that John may have been denigrating or ridiculing a rival school of thought. (MP3 audio format, 75 min. 4. Three important documents from the Thomas tradition have nonetheless survived: The An interesting [34], Scholars generally fall into one of two main camps: an "early camp" favoring a date for the "core" of between the years 50 and 100, before or approximately contemporary with the composition of the canonical gospels; and a more common "late camp" favoring a date in the 2nd century, after composition of the canonical gospels. meaning vouchsafed by such words. The division (111) of grace. Modern scholars do not consider Apostle Thomas the author of this document and the author remains unknown. The Gospel of Thomas was written in 340 in Coptic, but the foundations are earlier oral traditions. Several more lectures focused on In the single case of logion 70, Schenk has substituted the translation offered by Elaine Pagels in The Gnostic Gospels(New Youk: Random House, 1979). 3. The very interesting thing is that the book contains direct citations of Jesus Christ in 114 verses. 185), and because Gnostics frequently appropriated and used a large "range of scripture from Genesis to the Psalms to Homer, from the Synoptics to John to the letters of Paul. Interviews with Gospel of Thomas scholars: Dr. Christopher W. Skinner recently interviewed nine prominent scholars who have studied and published commentary on the Gospel of Thomas. of a classic Gnostic myth describing the exile and redemption of the soul. When he "[65], Nicholas Perrin argues that Thomas is dependent on the Diatessaron, which was composed shortly after 172 by Tatian in Syria. Two separate Coptic/English interlinear translations are also available. [54] Nonetheless, this gospel holds some sentences (log. In the 4th century, Cyril of Jerusalem mentioned a "Gospel of Thomas" twice in his Catechesis: "The Manichæans also wrote a Gospel according to Thomas, which being tinctured with the fragrance of the evangelic title corrupts the souls of the simple sort. that has resided in our Archives since 1994. interpretive reading -- an hermeneutics -- that grants entry into the mysterious compelling question:  "Was there an original tradition of interpretation – This is a text that tomb in south India. [18] This was followed three years later (1959) by the first English-language translation, with Coptic transcription. Thomas: Greek Text B, The Infancy Gospel of Religion, Vanderbilt University). 25,26, building on Samuel Zinner, The Gospel of Thomas in the Light of Early Jewish, Christian and Islamic Esoteric Trajectories: with a contextualized commentary and a new translation of the Thomas Gospel (The Matheson Trust), 2011, pp. A. Guillaumont, Henri-Charles Puech, Gilles Quispel, Walter Till and Yassah 'Abd Al Masih, Patterson, Robinson, and Bethge (1998), p. 40, "Most interpreters place its writing in the second century, understanding that many of its oral traditions are much older.". The prologue continues with an assurance to the reader that whoever can comprehend the sayings "will not taste death." – known as the Oxyrhynchus fragments – date to between 130 - 250 CE. She writes that "...he shows Thomas giving up his search for experiential truth – his 'unbelief' – to confess what John sees as the truth...". It is an important work for scholars working on the Q document, which itself is thought to be a collection of sayings or teachings upon which the gospels of Matthew and Luke are partly based. Prior to the Nag Hammadi library discovery, the sayings of Jesus found in Oxyrhynchus were known simply as Logia Iesu. The interviews are available here: Gospel of Thomas Interviews. Such was the condition of the Jews.Meanwhile the holy apostles and disciples of our Saviour were dispersed throughout the world. Such a ministry was designed to make them obedient to the gospel and, thereby, to further gospel mission in Rome and further afield. this original file had an internal formatting error. One primary example is the "Hymn of the Pearl" found within the Acts of Thomas Andrew Dorsey (July 1, 1899 – January 23, 1993) was an American musician, composer, and Christian evangelist influential in the development of early blues and 20th-century gospel music.He penned 3,000 songs, a third of them gospel, including "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" and "Peace in the Valley".Recordings of these sold millions of copies in both gospel and secular … [35][36]}, Theissen and Merz argue the genre of a collection of sayings was one of the earliest forms in which material about Jesus was handed down. 343-366. Coming to Capernaum, He entered the house of Simon, who is called Peter, and said, 'As I passed by the Sea of Galilee, I chose John and James, sons of Zebedee, and Simon, and Andrew, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, Judas Iscariot; and you Matthew, sitting at the tax office, I called and you followed me. For completeness, these are listed here: The Infancy Gospel of 1. Texture in the Gospel of Thomas, by Vernon K. Robbins, Society of Biblical Jerome, Jesus said "Blessed are the poor, for to you belongs the Kingdom of Heaven" Logion 54, The second rich youth said to him, "Rabbi, what good thing can I do and live?" [45] Though differing in approach, they argue that several verses in the Gospel of John are best understood as responses to a Thomasine community and its beliefs. disappear. Thomas, In the Gospel of the Hebrews is the unique account of Jesus appearing to his brother. Other articles where Gospel of Thomas is discussed: Jesus: Sources for the life of Jesus: Another important text, the mid-2nd-century-ad Gospel of Thomas, has attracted much attention. According to Meyer, Thomas's saying 17: "I shall give you what no eye has seen, what no ear has heard and no hand has touched, and what has not come into the human heart", is strikingly similar to what Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 2:9[38] (which was itself an allusion to Isaiah 64:4[56]). We ask those who have reproduced this file to take note of the problem and In later traditions (most notably in the Acts of Thomas, Book of Thomas the Contender, etc. beginnings of the Christian era and may well have taken first form before any of the four It is much more likely that Thomas, which has a Syrian provenance, is dependent on the tradition of the canonical Gospels that has been abbreviated and harmonized by oral transmission. The Lord says to his disciples: "And never be you joyful, except when you behold one another with love." evolving orthodoxy to destroy all Gnostic scriptures and documents, a few texts did "[30] The 5th-century Decretum Gelasianum includes "A Gospel attributed to Thomas which the Manichaean use" in its list of heretical books. ", "There was a certain man named Jesus, about thirty years old, who chose us. Then John, falling down before Him, said, 'I beseech You, Lord, baptize me!’ But Jesus forbade him saying, 'Let it be so as it is fitting that all things be fulfilled.'" [37] They assert that other collections of sayings, such as the Q source and the collection underlying Mark 4, were absorbed into larger narratives and no longer survive as independent documents, and that no later collections in this form survive. Thaddaeus, Technical but interesting. Because of its discovery with the Nag Hammadi library, it was widely thought that the document originated within a school of early Christians, possibly proto-Gnostics. Dr. Smith here collects a number of his very complete online book by Herbert Christian Merillat; it gives a useful overview of the Part of the Gnostic Society Library, which includes the entire Nag Hammadi Library. cit., pp. Gospel of St. Thomas - Who Wrote It? Many scholars consider the Gospel of Thomas to be a gnostic text, since it was found in a library among others, it contains Gnostic themes, and perhaps presupposes a Gnostic worldview. As a result, many short [66] Perrin explains the order of the sayings by attempting to demonstrate that almost all adjacent sayings are connected by Syriac catchwords, whereas in Coptic or Greek, catchwords have been found for only less than half of the pairs of adjacent sayings. the Gospel of Thomas are available in higher-quality audio mp3 versions at BCRecordings.net. in Christianity, and each left its own textual legacy. [40][41] Several authors argue that when the logia in Thomas do have parallels in the synoptics, the version in Thomas often seems closer to the source. And even if by some implausible reason he did, Thomas seriously misunderstood Jesus’ purpose, mission, and gospel. [42], Koester also argues that the absence of narrative materials (such as those found in the canonical gospels) in Thomas makes it unlikely that the gospel is "an eclectic excerpt from the gospels of the New Testament". the earliest canonical Gospel and was used as a source by the author of Mark. introduction to the types of arguments common within GTh studies groups. [64], Klyne Snodgrass notes that saying 65–66 of Thomas containing the Parable of the Wicked Tenants appears to be dependent on the early harmonisation of Mark and Luke found in the old Syriac gospels. 1) And He said, "Whoever finds the interpretation of these sayings will not experience death." Both these latter sites also includes several useful references on Coptic language: Facsimile Images of the original Coptic manuscript of the Gospel of Thomas, Grondin Interlinear Coptic/English Translation of the Gospel of Thomas, Brown Interlinear Coptic/English Translation of the Gospel of Thomas. and Discussions of the Gospel of Thomas, On These and other Gnostic gospels conflicted with the known teachings of Jesus and the Old Testament, and often contained numerous historical and geographical errors. [74] In terms of faith, however, no major Christian group accepts this gospel as canonical or authoritative. in Luc. of friendly internet discussions. This resource provides commentary on each of the and Discussions of the Gospel of Thomas by  Dr. Mahlon Smith's (Assoc. of Thomas. He concludes that, "Thomas, rather than representing the earliest form, has been shaped by this harmonizing tendency in Syria. NEW LAW: The law of the Gospel (106) or new law and its comparison with the old (107). Thomas speaks again in John 14:5.There, Jesus had just explained that he was going away to prepare a heavenly home … The Gospel of Thomas Collection in the Gnostic Society Library New threats to human life . Thomas. Stevan Davies, "The Christology and Protology of the Gospel of Thomas", e.g. apostolic sponsor once located themselves [73], Considered by some as one of the earliest accounts of the teachings of Jesus, the Gospel of Thomas is regarded by some scholars as one of the most important texts in understanding early Christianity outside the New Testament. Judas Iscariot[114], Coptic-language early Christian non-canonical gospel, part of the Nag Hammadi library. [27] Hippolytus wrote in his Refutation of All Heresies 5.7.20: [The Naassenes] speak...of a nature which is both hidden and revealed at the same time and which they call the thought-for kingdom of heaven which is in a human being. that gave an organic coherence to readings of the text, and if so, is that hermeneutic You therefore, I want to be the Twelve, to symbolize Israel. selection of lectures available online. John's gospel is the only canonical one that gives Thomas the Apostle a dramatic role and spoken part, and Thomas is the only character therein described as being apistos (unbelieving), despite the failings of virtually all the Johannine characters to live up to the author's standards of belief. Scholars aren't sure who wrote the Gospel of St. Thomas. Internet Discussion of the Gospel of Thomas and Gnosticism, The Christology Misericordia), from the Ioudaios-L Internet List in mid-December of 1995. ), In its opening words the Gospel of Thomas offers a stunning hermeneutic challenge: name of Thomas. Dr. Hoeller gives a brief introduction to the history of Gnosticism in Western culture and There is a general consensus among scholars that the Gospel of Thomas – in our resources sections, below. Gospel Environment of First Century Syria by Alexander Mirkovic, PhD (Graduate Dept. After he had toiled, he said to the sheep, 'I love you more than the ninety-nine.'" Given that the New Testament writers, and the people about whom they wrote, lived in a world where multiple cultures met, Jewish, Roman, and Greek, at least, it is important to understand those cultural values because even if they are not directly stated in the text, they do … ), The Hymn of the Pearl: A accessible? Lance Owens. The first lines of the text refer to "didymos Judas thomas" as the author. [citation needed] Although arguments about some potential New Testament books, such as the Shepherd of Hermas and Book of Revelation, continued well into the 4th century, four canonical gospels, attributed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, were accepted among proto-orthodox Christians at least as early as the mid-2nd century. Judas not Iscariot INTRODUCTION. Sect, the Naassenes,5 held the serpent (Hebrew nahash) in honour because he defied the ban which the demiurge had placed on the impartation of knowledge (this reinterpretation of the The Parts of the World in which the Apostles preached Christ. And He said: There are those that would argue that it might have come from Thomas. "[71], The harsh and widespread reaction to Marcion's canon, the first New Testament canon known to have been created, may demonstrate that, by 140 AD, it had become widely accepted that other texts formed parts of the records of the life and ministry of Jesus. Let no one read the Gospel according to Thomas. Thomas first speaks in the Gospel of John.In John 11:16, when Lazarus had recently died, the apostles do not wish to go back to Judea, where some Jews had attempted to stone Jesus.Thomas says: "Let us also go, that we may die with him." Though not integrally related to the central Thomas tradition surrounding the Gospel of Thomas: Greek Text A, The Infancy Gospel of sincerely hope these resources help you in your studies of this most remarkable document. The original Coptic manuscript is now the property of the Coptic Museum in Cairo, Egypt, Department of Manuscripts.[21]. In this lecture, reveals itself freshly with each new reading. Elaine Pagels and [42] He also cites the absence of the eschatological sayings considered characteristic of Q to show the independence of Thomas from that source. They give an idea about the breadth of discussion focused on the Thomas Gospel. The Gospel of Thomas. One of them, the largest, went astray. several places. [57][35] They generally believe that although the text was composed around the mid-2nd century, it contains earlier sayings such as those originally found in the New Testament gospels of which Thomas was in some sense dependent in addition to inauthentic and possibly authentic independent sayings not found in any other extant text. [37] Marvin Meyer also asserted that the genre of a "sayings collection" is indicative of the 1st century,[38] and that in particular the "use of parables without allegorical amplification" seems to antedate the canonical gospels. whether he is the one who wrote ?The Gospel of Thomas.? reading, but each edition adds its own nuance of understanding. The three papyrus fragments of Thomas [20] The Gospel of Thomas has been translated and annotated worldwide in many languages. my book The Gospel of Thomas, op. Over time, Christians found common ground with Romans. Thomas in Alexandria,". College Misericordia). The incipit (or "beginning words") of Thomas invite each Thomas Jefferson’s religious beliefs have long been a subject of public discussion, and were a critical topic in several of his important political campaigns as he was viciously and unfairly attacked for alleged atheism. Jn. Environment of First Century Syria, An Theissen and Merz give sayings 31 and 65 as examples of this. He also wrote to help resolve any conflict between the Jewish and Gentile believers in Rome over various food and Sabbath laws (14:1-15:13). The Gospel of Thomas - provided in multiple translations, along with a vast collection of material about the Thomas tradition. Pagels, for example, says that John's gospel makes two references to the inability of the world to recognize the divine light. Throughout the Gospel Thomas is presented as a person of leadership (11:16). The Gospel of Thomas begins with an announcement about its content: “These are the secret sayings which the living Jesus spoke and which Didymus Judas Thomas wrote down: And he said, ‘Whoever finds the interpretation of these sayings will not experience death.’” 4 [49] For Thomas, resurrection seems more a cognitive event of spiritual attainment, one even involving a certain discipline or asceticism. At the very beginning of the twentieth century three separate fragments from Greek Simon the Zealot, Interviews with Gospel of Thomas scholars: Introductory Essays on the Gospel of Thomas, The Gospel of Thomas and the Hermeneutics of Vision, Enthymemic Bruce, “The Gospel of Thomas,” Faith and Thought 92.1 (1961): 3-23. It is the work of a master theologian, delivered at the University of Paris, then the intellectual center in Christendom, when Thomas was at the height of his fame and apostolic zeal for souls. organic coherence to readings of the text, and if so, is that hermeneutic method still (1) And he said, "Whoever finds the interpretation of these sayings will not experience death." 51,  No 4. Grace. It is a fascinating collection; reading through these nine interviews reveals the diverse ways in which the Gospel of Thomas is approached by current scholarship. Wright concludes his section on the Gospel of Thomas in his book The New Testament and the People of God in this way: "[Thomas'] implicit story has to do with a figure who imparts a secret, hidden wisdom to those close to him, so that they can perceive a new truth and be saved by it. Among the cache of texts was one that begins, “These are the secret sayings which the living Jesus spoke and which Didymos Judas Thomas wrote down,” and ends with “The Gospel According to Thomas.” Unlike the canonical Gospels, Thomas doesn’t follow a … Texture in the Gospel of Thomas, Observations [86], Philip, Parallels between the two have been taken to suggest that Thomas' logia preceded John's work, and that the latter was making a point-by-point riposte to Thomas, either in real or mock conflict. Observations "Whoever finds the meaning of these words will not Its cause (112) and effects (113). [4] Its place of origin may have been Syria, where Thomasine traditions were strong. 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