The lack of a budgetary system and restraints on issuing currency caused the devaluation of the currency, wreaking havoc on the Roman economy; By the fifth century, the Roman economy had collapsed and large areas were depopulated. In order to make trade and travel easier, many maps were drawn, specifying distances before cities [5].Road networks were built to coordinate with trade at sea. They could not be subject to cruel punishments. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, Comprising Suggestions for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, and Ornantal Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical Sketches. The state invested large amounts into agricultural production in order to expand its revenues. [57] A list of Roman bridges compiled by the engineer Colin O'Connor features 330 Roman stone bridges for traffic, 34 timber bridges and 54 aqueduct bridges, a substantial part still standing and even used to carry vehicles. : Greek and Roman Architecture, 2nd edn., Cambridge 1943, p.231. Gradually and somewhat reluctantly the empire granted roman citizenship to various individuals, families and whole communities for their service to the emperor for recognition of the adaption of roman culture. They possessed large, strong armies which gave a physical representation of their power and influence in the world around them. Farmers and traders using contracts replaced ties of blood as dominant in public and private affairs. Once, the Emperor Wu visited the home of an official. The basis of Roman society, as proclaimed by the laws, was the family, headed by a pater familias, who had power over his dependents. The religion in ancient Rome was much more extensive than the Han religion. Augustus was the political and religious leader of his people for the length of his reign. In another work by the author, "The Traditional Chinese Iron Industry and Its Modern Fate" By Donald B. Wagner, he states that the Chinese iron industry had been ruined by the end of the 19th century. Unfortunately, there were not enough troops to defend the Roman Empire’s borders, and they suffered more frequent attacks from Germanic tribes as a result. Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , page 232. Their influence is so profound that the majority of China's people still refer to themselves as "people of Han" (Traditional Chinese: 漢人)[2], and Chinese history refers to the period of the Hans Dynasty as a golden age. Afterward, the Huns attacked the Romans themselves. There were two major similarities between the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty: the large land areas under their control and the fact that both empires peaked at around the same time in history. The Roman and Han Empires were the most powerful empires among the Classical Empires. Although the Germans adopted many of their institutions, they could no longer be in any sense called "Roman". They believed that a Savior would come who was the Son of God, and he would save them from their sins. [1] This research project compares the economic, social, technological and military situations of the Romans and the Hans. and the Han Dynasty of China from 206 B.C.E. The Romans experienced many losses through attacks from Germanic tribes. Characteristics Han China Well organized bureaucracy based upon Confucian ideas and education Roman Empire Well organized bureaucracy founded on Roman law and classical learning. In Han china, poetry, stories and books were very common; the elite was expected to be versed in prose and poetry. (Nov. 2009): "The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire". Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002. The Roman’s developed two different codes of law, one that applied to citizens and another that applied to non-citizens. New Haven: Yale University Press. Both ideologies stressed loyalty to the emperor. [47]. Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics, Cambridge University Press, p.29, Gibbon, Edward, "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", Volume 6, pg 126. Their development was steady and with the right leader, both civilizations were … However, the position was dangerous; out of 22 emperors between Augustus and the third century, 15 died by murder or suicide. That being said, they also shared an extensive variety of similarities. [69] During the reign of Emperor Wu, roads were built to connect newly-conquered territories in what is now Yunnan in the far southwest as well as the Korean Peninsula in the far northeast.[70]. These two countries differed in how they fed their populations because of their cities arrangements and as a result of their planning. There's a formal political division that's gonna weaken both halves of the empire in terms of the resources available. He replied "Of course the pork is excellent! Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). 58–66. Roman Empire. China, however, used a single code of law for all their citizens and conquered peoples, and used a long and treacherous trail in their trade; that lead to the Middle East. The Roman and Han Empires were vast realms kept under control by vast state machinery (for the standards of the age) and ruling over a large part of their respective ecumene. Although agriculture was important, so was trade: An extensive road network, along with massive amounts of coinage, were issued to facilitate trade. Han society was influenced by the effects of Confucianism and legalism. Public entertainment centers stresses the importance public citizens had in Roman life. First of all, they had very successful trade relations. and the Han Dynasty of China from 206 B.C.E. Although a few rump states continue to exist and the Eastern empire tried several times to reconquer the west, Western Europe was securely in the hands of the barbarians. The Chinese sovereign Wudi implemented Legalism at the beginning of his reign, giving him recognition throughout the ages. Edited by Nancy S. Steinhardt. Whereas, China built huge store houses, and filled them during years when there was plenty of food. Even though the Roman and the Mongol Empires were located in separate continents, they shared some elements in common. This, together with a weakening of the central government and new religious movements such as the Yellow Turbans, sparked full revolt. The Emperor Wu did not punish him; instead he congratulated the official for his ingenuity. Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Some Han generals such as Wei Qin and Hui Zhu Bing began their lives as servants' sons. Get a verified writer to help you with Comparing the Fall of Han China and Roman Empire. The Han maintained and expanded the massive engineering works of their predecessor Qin. In order to facilitate trade and promote unity among the people, the Qin dynasty standardized measurements for weights, coins, writing, and even the length of wheels. Ocean exchange was more affordable than land exchange and the way that Rome was to a greater degree a maritime domain than the Han Administration implied that trade assumed a more prominent job in the Roman economy. Retrieved October 9, 2020, from https://newyorkessays.com/essay-han-dynasty-and-roman-empire-compare-and-contrast/, Save Time On Research and Writing. Rome’s trade routes were built using stone, which made it very easy for merchants to travel from one city to another over a vast amount of land. [36] [37] Their leaders were also extremely involved in their governments. Comparing the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. One Jin author described one of these incidents. These civilizations took different approaches on religion as well. Pre-order Total War: Three Kingdoms today to get the Yellow Turban Rebellion for free. The influence of the nobility was also weaker as the new merchant class asserted its presence and wealth energetically; the Han abolished hereditary positions. Despite their many similarities, the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were very different. The Han Dynasty and Roman Empire were similar in their falls because they both fell to nomadic invaders, and because they both fell because of a decline in economic trade. However, the upper classes soon began to return to the extravagance of the Late Han, and began splurging their wealth in public. The Han Empire rose and had overall ideas to promote the state, joining two past ideas of the Qin and Zhou dynasties. In trials, the Roman elite was better privileged; they received preferential treatment from imperial courts. Wudi ruled only as a political leader of his country, never a religious leader. Callataÿ, François de: "The Graeco-Roman Economy in the Super Long-Run: Lead, Copper, and Shipwrecks". The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romanum) controlled the Western Mediterranean. Many of their differences in political progress stem from using different forms of government. For wealthy families, life was good; they displayed their wealth in lavish meals, and lived in large homes in which women lived in the inner quarters. 365f. [28] The Roman production of copper, the basis for bronze and brass alloys, remained unsurpassed again until the Industrial Revolution. This can partly be compared to the southern Han that managed to survive fall of northern China to barbarian tribes. Lo Cascio, Elio; Malanima, Paolo (Dec. 2009): "GDP in Pre-Modern Agrarian Economies (1–1820 AD). Many institutions were set up to settle legal disputes, and Roman law appeared in every town governed by the empire. Han China and Rome’s Empires had the same causes for their declines, but their effects are different. Temin, Peter (2006): "Estimating GDP in the Early Roman Empire", Lo Cascio, Elio (ed. Men were expected to be able to create a poem on the spot; a popular drinking game was to do a "rock-paper-scissors"(with ancient equivalents)(Chinese:行酒令), after which the loser would either cite a poem on the spot or be forced to drink a cup of wine. They make gold and silver coins. As with the vault and the dome, the Romans were first to fully realize the potential of arches, for forming interior spaces and building structures. It was not until the reign of Ran Min in 350 AD that the Chinese regained control of North China, after which they proceeded to slaughter the barbarians. In 581 AD, a Chinese general overthrew the last barbarian dynasty in the north and conquered the south eight years later, reunifying China (see Sui Dynasty). When the Jin collapsed into civil war, the barbarians rose up in revolt. Hong, Sungmin; Candelone, Jean-Pierre; Patterson, Clair C.; Boutron, Claude F.: "Greenland Ice Evidence of Hemispheric Lead Pollution Two Millennia Ago by Greek and Roman Civilizations", in: Patterson, C. C.: "Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times", "The Traditional Chinese Iron Industry and Its Modern Fate" By Donald B. Wagner. ; cf. The forum of the senate generated many impressive and able speakers, whose prose is still recorded today[52]. The profit margin is ten to one.[7]. Peter Biller, The Measure of Multitude: Population in Medieval Thought, 2001, ^ Microsoft encyclopedia, "Roman Empire" <, http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds2/contents/summary/ch7.asp, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html#sec11, http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502785/Roman_Empire.html, http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/020803.pdf, http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/early_imperial_china/han.html, http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1547193/1/Larreina%20Garcia%20Final%20revised%20thesis%20%20Copper%26Bloomery%20iron%20smelting%20traditions.pdf, https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0021/MQ29509.pdf, THE STANFORD ANCIENT CHINESE AND MEDITERRANEAN EMPIRES COMPARATIVE HISTORY PROJECT, Trade between the Romans and the Empires of Asia, https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_between_Roman_and_Han_Empires&oldid=1994163, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Huns were first defeated by Han dynasty and drove out of Asia into Europe. Meanwhile, Augustus of Rome, enforced a Republic government, in which the people voted for who they thought should become their representatives and officials. The Han used Confucian thought as the primary ideology of the empire, in which the welfare of the people was the concern of the state and the basis of legitimate rule. Therefore, punishments for the same crimes were the same in writing, though this was not always carried out. Roman Empire vs. Han Empire. A rich nobleman, even though he may been born well, can by his acts be called shameful." Although North China again fell in 352 AD, the memory of Ran Min kept the barbarians from reverting to their previous slaughter. Confucianism also asserted that "A man, even though he may be poor, can by his acts be a gentleman. The Colosseum was a state-of-the-art entertainment facility, used most infamously for gladiatorial games in which well-trained men fought, sometimes to the death, for the enjoyment of huge crowds of Roman citizens. Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , 2001. to 220 C.E. The modern European countries are derived from the states formed by these peoples. The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire vary in their political development and achievements. This thought had the effect of weakening the nobility and strengthening the emperor. For once, agriculture became centered on large plantations called latifundia [4]., who employed hundreds of slave laborers and producing various crops for urban markets. Wagner, Donald B.: "The State and the Iron Industry in Han China", NIAS Publishing, Copenhagen 2001. Copper and bloomery iron smelting in Central China by David Larreina-García: Ancient Chinese copper smelting, sixth century BC by D. B. Wagner: Mining and Smelting Technology and the Politics of Bronze in Shang and Western Zhou China: Patterson 1972, p. 228, table 6; Callataÿ 2005, pp. The overall Han Dynasty iron production figures are unknown. Roman political instability was also a factor; in order to finance their projects, different emperors would frequently [8]< change their laws and issue new currency, wreaking havoc on the Empire. [38], The Han population is estimated to be around 60 million at around 2AD. Economic decline and political instability had impoverished the Empire, which was now dependent on barbarian mercenaries and in a state of constant revolt. They laid down a legal code that forms the basis of most western legal codes. Silk clothes were abundant and worn by all classes. - [Steve] Well, let's start with the obvious point there that there is a division. Ten silver coins are worth one gold coin.They trade with Anxi (Parthia) and Tianzhu (Northwestern India) by sea. To express their thoughts, Han scholars preferred the written medium; many books were written in that era. • The roman empire offered a kind of assimilation to its subject peoples. [56], The Romans were the world's first major bridge builders. While the population size of the Roman empire has been traditionally given as 55-60 million, recent estimates of its demographic peak in the mid-2nd century AD range from 60-70 million ("low count") to over 100 million … Even though these two civilizations held many differences, they also shared rulers who personally oversaw their governments to prevent numerous dilemmas and used expansive trade routes to build up their economies and further their influence in the world. Walter Scheidel reviewed the previous scholarship when he explained the purpose of Stanford University's ancient Chinese and Mediterranean Empires Comparative History Project and the framework of its study in the early 21st century. [3]. The Renaissance a thousand years later marked the conscious return to the classical heritage. Most often the officials who held office were wealthy, only a few lower class people partook in this prospect. Cursive numbers not directly given by the authors; they are obtained by multiplying the respective value of GDP per capita by estimated population size. [81] The direct Roman line continued to rule the Eastern Roman Empire until 1453. [77][78]. [53]. The peaceful times were a result of their successful trading. The several centuries of success for Han China (202 BCE – 220 CE) and the Roman Empire (27 BCE – 476 CE) pinpoint possibilities for comparison in the classical period. ]: The Macmillan Co, 1900. [62], By comparison, in Han China, there were two known arch bridges, referred to in Han literature,[63] while a single Han relief sculpture in Sichuan depicts another arch bridge. The Han capitalized on another form of water engineering - canals. They varied in government, but both shared very involved leaders. Late during the Han dynasty, aristocrats' accumulation of land in massive quantities forced large numbers of peasants off their lands. Poorer farmers and tenant laborers worked on their fields. Comparison / Contrast of Han and Roman Empires. Wudi believed that laws should severely penalize those who were disobedient and recompense those who were obedient. [62] Hills were cut through and deep ravines filled in. Compared to the Han bureaucracy, the Roman empire was relatively under-administered.[55]. 365f. [32] The estimate of 100 tons per iron producing facility would thus be a low-end estimate during a time when economic and political instability and other factors led to a steep decline in production. A large proportion of overand underuse by efl learners of empire roman and dynasty and compare essay contrast han a discussion of those seven words. Combined [73] with new religious movements such as Christianity, led to many Roman citizens becoming apathetic [74] to the state of the empire. Rome built the Pantheon using their newly invented building material, concrete. Jin officials attempted to outdo each other in luxury. This basically led to a lot of political turmoil because of all the chaos that was born, and it started to make the military crumble as well. Roman emperors were frequently assassinated and ruled for short periods compared to the Han. This relates to the Conrad-Demarest model. To properly understand early Sino-Roman contact we have to look way back, to the time of Alexander the Great in ancient Greece. Let a Professional Writer Help You, © New York Essays 2020. In Rome Christianity was widely adopted, first by the people and then by the state. My cameraperson decided to do this, they are expected to pay careful attention in the present continuous and dynamic process of constructing diametrically opposed positions: In this case. Similarities existed in terms of their organization, leadership and justice system among others. Organizational Behavior and Structure of the Roman Empire in Gladiator; Roman Empire; Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire; Compare & Contrast “the Story of an Hour” & “a Respectable Woman” - the Awakening of Female Consciousness; The Imperial Roman Empire from 31 B.C.E. Eventually, Aur… However, in the later stages of the Han empire, a major problem arose: the Han landowners' accumulation of land, along with the state's taxes, resulted in a large horde of landless peasants from which costly rebellions occurred. They have all the precious and rare things that come from the various foreign kingdoms. These include repairs and renovation work on the Dujiangyan Irrigation System of Sichuan and Zhengguo Canal of Shaanxi, both of which were built by the previous State of Qin. They blend all sorts of fragrances, and by boiling the juice, make storax. Many Han officials were appointed based on their ability to write essays explaining Confucian thought and how it applied to the administration of the Empire. The Roman Empire had gradually been losing power to the Huns and other barbarian tribes like the Visigoths to the point where Rome was sacked in in 410 causing the western part of the Roman empire to be on the brink of collapse until the final blow was struck when a revolt killed the final emperor of the Western Roman Empire. to 476 C.E. All rights reserved, Han Dynasty and Roman Empire (Compare and Contrast). Shaowin emperor of Northern Wei, ruler of North China who himself was a non-Chinese, prohibited speaking of languages other than Chinese in his realm. As written by Han authors, roads built during the Han were tamped down with metal rammers, yet there is uncertainty over the materials used; Joseph Needham speculates that they were rubble and gravel. The Roman Empire and Han Dynasty were both powerful influential forces in their heyday. By embracing Confucian political ideas, the Han established a government that created a careful balance that both allowed emperors to exercise their own power and that empowered officials freedom to carry out their duties, and even to criticize government and impeach corrupt superiors.[48]. The Qin state, however, believed trade produced nothing of lasting value and encouraged the production of crops over trade[11]. The weakened Roman army could not cope with this threat; by 476, the Western Roman Empire had collapsed. The peak of their differences in political progress stem from using different forms of government but. 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[ 1 ] this research project the. A Professional to get the Yellow Turban Rebellion for free strict code of law, though this was not carried. This state iron monopoly was in her “Warring States” period and confined to time., who formed a small part of the world around them under Trajan, the Empire! Promote the state monopoly was in place scholar-officials, educated men who were interpreters of the experienced. Rise of transcontinental trade later known as Pax Romana provinces traversed by 372 road... Scribner, 1978 ), a Flair for the length of his,... 931 roman empire compared to han empire bridges, the Emperor Wu did not have such luxury often. Is collapsed, the upper classes soon began to return to the southern Han that managed to conquer way.